Exploring the Relationship between Religiosity and Psychological Distress among University Students in Punjab, Pakistan
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.55737/psi.2025b-42092Keywords:
Religiosity, Psychological Distress, University Students, Pakistan, Mental Health, Religious Coping, Faith and Well-being, Higher EducationAbstract
The current study examines the connection between psychological distress and religiosity among Pakistani university students in Punjab. Students frequently experience serious mental health issues in a society where religious values are ingrained in the fabric of society and higher education is characterized by intense academic pressure. In order to investigate these two dynamics, 305 students were chosen from Punjab's public universities using a quantitative research design and simple random sampling. SPSS Version 26 was used to analyze the data that was gathered using a structured questionnaire. The study looked at the relationship between gender and mental health outcomes and religious expression, providing information about how male and female students experience and express religiosity differently. According to the findings, religion has a complex impact on students' mental health, serving as a buffer against harm as well as a possible cause of it, depending on the situation and the individual. These findings demonstrate how crucial it is to integrate frameworks that are sensitive to cultural and religious differences into mental health interventions in Pakistani universities. The results support acknowledging the role of religious belief in both vulnerability and resilience, rather than pathologizing it.
References
Allport, G. W., & Ross, J. M. (2018). Personal religious orientation and prejudice. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 5(4), 432–443. https://psycnet.apa.org/doi/10.1037/h0021212
Ano, G. G., & Vasconcelles, E. B. (2020). Religious coping and psychological adjustment to stress: A meta-analysis. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 61(4), 461–480. https://doi.org/10.1002/jclp.20049
Diener, E., Oishi, S., & Tay, L. (2019). Advances in subjective well-being research. Nature Human Behaviour, 3(3), 206–213. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41562-018-0307-6
Ellison, C. G., & Levin, J. S. (2019). The religion-health connection: Evidence, theory, and future directions. Health Education & Behavior, 27(6), 700–720. https://doi.org/10.1177/109019819802500603
Exline, J. J., & Rose, E. (2018). Religious and spiritual struggles. In APA Handbook of Psychology, Religion, and Spirituality (Vol. 1, pp. 459–475). American Psychological Association.
Frankel, B. G., & Hewitt, W. E. (1994). Religion and well-being among Canadian university students: The role of religious practices. Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion, 33(1), 62–73. https://doi.org/10.2307/1386637
Greenberg, J. S. (2002). Comprehensive stress management (7th ed.). McGraw-Hill.
Hill, P. C., & Pargament, K. I. (2008). Advances in the conceptualization and measurement of religion and spirituality: Implications for physical and mental health research. Psychology of Religion and Spirituality, S(1), 3–17. https://doi.org/10.1037/1941-1022.s.1.3
Idler, E. L. (2018). Religion as a social determinant of health. Oxford University Press.
Javaid, Z. K., Naeem, S., Haroon, S. S., Mobeen, S., & Ajmal, N. (2024). Religious coping and mental well-being: A systematic review on Muslim university students. International Journal of Islamic Studies and Culture, 4(2), 363-376. http://ijisc.com.pk/index.php/IJISC/issue/view/192
Keyes, C. L. M. (2018). Mental health as a complete state: How the salutogenic perspective completes the picture. In M. Slade, L. Oades, & A. Jarden (Eds.), Wellbeing, recovery and mental health (pp. 43–63). Cambridge University Press.
Koenig, H. G. (2012). Religion, spirituality, and health: the research and clinical implications. ISRN Psychiatry, 2012, 278730. https://doi.org/10.5402/2012/278730
Koenig, H. G. (2019). Religion and mental health: Research and clinical applications. Academic Press.
Koenig, H. G., King, D. E., & Carson, V. B. (2018). Handbook of religion and health (2nd ed.). Oxford University Press.
Levin, J. (2018). Religion and mental health among Israeli Jews: Findings from the SHARE-Israel Study. Social Indicators Research, 90(3), 349–359. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11205-012-0113-x
Malinakova, K., Tavel, P., Meier, Z., van Dijk, J. P., & Reijneveld, S. A. (2020). Religiosity and mental health: A contribution to understanding the heterogeneity of research findings. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 17(2), 494. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17020494
Munawar, K., Abdul Khaiyom, J. H., Bokharey, I. Z., Park, M. S.-A., & Choudhry, F. R. (2020). A systematic review of mental health literacy in Pakistan. Asia-Pacific Psychiatry: Official Journal of the Pacific Rim College of Psychiatrists, 12(4), e12408. https://doi.org/10.1111/appy.12408
Pargament, K. I. (2018). The psychology of religion and coping: Theory, research, practice. Guilford Press.
Pargament, K. I. (2019). What role does religion play in promoting health and well-being? In R. F. Paloutzian & C. L. Park (Eds.), Handbook of the psychology of religion and spirituality (2nd ed., pp. 405–422). Guilford Press.
Pargament, K. I., Smith, B. W., Koenig, H. G., & Perez, L. (2018). Patterns of positive and negative religious coping with major life stressors. Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion, 37(4), 710–724. https://doi.org/10.2307/1388152
Park, C. L. (2019). Religiousness/spirituality and health: A meaning systems perspective. Journal of Behavioral Medicine, 30(4), 319–328. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10865-007-9111-x
Raza, H., Yousaf, A., & Rasheed, R. (2016). Religiosity in relation with psychological distress and mental wellbeing among Muslims. International Journal of Research Studies in Psychology, 5(2). https://doi.org/10.5861/ijrsp.2016.1371
Rehman, M. Z., & Hanif, R. (2018). Religious coping and mental health among Pakistani university students. Pakistan Journal of Psychological Research, 33(2), 405–421.
Rosmarin, D. H., Krumrei, E. J., & Andersson, G. (2009). Religion as a predictor of psychological distress in patients with anxiety disorders. Psychology of Religion and Spirituality, 1(2), 115–122. https://doi.org/10.1080/16506070802477222
Sadiq, Z., Siraj, A., & Zeeshan, Z. (2023). Islamic Religious Coping and its Effects on Psychological Distress Implications for Practice in Pakistan. Pakistan Research Journal of Social Sciences, 2(4). https://prjss.com/index.php/prjss/article/view/19
Shakeel, S., Fazal, S., & Majoka, M. I. (2022). Academic stress among university students in Pakistan: Causes and consequences. Research Journal of Social Sciences and Economics Review, 3(2), 27-34. https://doi.org/10.36902/rjsser-vol3-iss2-2022(27-34)
Smith, T. B., McCullough, M. E., & Poll, J. (2003). Religiousness and depression: evidence for a main effect and the moderating influence of stressful life events. Psychological Bulletin, 129(4), 614–636. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.129.4.614
Stoppa, T. M., & Lefkowitz, E. S. (2010). Longitudinal changes in religiosity among emerging adult college students. Journal of Research on Adolescence, 20(1), 23–38. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1532-7795.2009.00630.x
Villani, D., Sorgente, A., Iannello, P., & Antonietti, A. (2019). The role of spirituality and religiosity in subjective well-being of individuals with different religious status. Frontiers in Psychology, 10, 1525. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2019.01525
Wong, P. T. P. (2019). Meaning-centered approach to research and therapy: Second wave positive psychology with a focus on meaning. In A. Batthyany (Ed.), Logotherapy and existential analysis (pp. 149–184). Springer. https://psycnet.apa.org/doi/10.1037/hum0000062
World Health Organization. (2001). Sample size determination in health studies: A practical manual. Geneva: WHO.
Zada, S., Wang, Y., Zada, M., & Gul, F. (2021). Effect of mental health problems on academic performance among university students in Pakistan. Int. J. Ment. Health Promot, 23, 395-408. http://dx.doi.org/10.32604/IJMHP.2021.015903