Female Faculty Navigating Professional Journeys in Higher Education of Azad Jammu and Kashmir

Authors

  • Dr. Farooq Abdullah Lecturer, Department of Sociology, Mirpur University of Science and Technology (MUST), Mirpur, AJK, Pakistan.
  • Riffat Sultana Visiting Lecturer, Department of Sociology, Mirpur University of Science and Technology (MUST), Mirpur, AJK, Pakistan.
  • Nida Nisar Lecturer, Department of Sociology, Mirpur University of Science and Technology (MUST), Mirpur, AJK, Pakistan.

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.55737/psi.2025b-42093

Keywords:

Higher Education, Women, Academicians, Professional, Alienation, Glass Ceiling

Abstract

Academia is often perceived as a meritocratic and egalitarian space, yet it remains laden with structural barrier that disproportionately affect women in their professional journeys within higher education institutions. This study explored these barriers in the context of higher education in AJK. We used quantitative research design and employed cross-sectional research method in the positivistic tradition. We collected data from a sample of 35 women academicians from one public sector co-educational university in AJK by means of simple random sampling technique. We employed a questionnaire of 21 items in data collection. The findings revealed that the challenges women face in their professional careers are structurally embedded within gendered institutional norms of higher education, as theorized by Acker (1990). Experiences of alienation, work-family conflict, the glass ceiling, low self-esteem, and exclusion from decision-making are not isolated issues but reflect deeply ingrained patriarchal values within the higher education system of AJK.

Author Biography

  • Dr. Farooq Abdullah, Lecturer, Department of Sociology, Mirpur University of Science and Technology (MUST), Mirpur, AJK, Pakistan.

    Corresponding Author: farooq.abdullah@must.edu.pk

References

Abdullah, F., & Nisar, N. (2024). Women Academicians and Autonomy: Constructing Identities in Higher Education. International Journal of Social Sciences Bulletin, 2(4), 1053–1060. https://ijssbulletin.com/index.php/IJSSB/article/view/161

Abdullah, F., & Ullah, H. (2016). Physical Violence on Women: A Comparative Study of Rural and Urban Areas of Muzaffarabad, Azad Jammu and Kashmir. Journal of Gender and Social Issues, 15(2), 113. https://link.gale.com/apps/doc/A497793910/AONE?u=anon~54132f5b&sid=googleScholar&xid=c3282c17

Abdullah, F., & Ullah, H. (2022). Lived Experiences of Women Academicians in Higher Education Institutions of Azad Jammu and Kashmir. South Asian Studies, 37(02), 323-340. https://sasj.pu.edu.pk/9/article/view/1292

Abdullah, F., Ahmed, N., Shaheen, I., & Sultana, R. (2024). Women academicians’ career progression in higher education of Azad Jammu and Kashmir. Regional Lens, 3(1), 86-94. https://doi.org/10.62997/rl.2024.31042

Abdullah, F., Matloob, T., & Malik, A. (2024). Decision-Making Trajectories of Working Women in Azad Jammu and Kashmir. Policy Research Journal, 2(4), 2189-2197.

Abdullah, F., Nisar, N., & Ahmed, N. (2025). Career Trajectories of Women Academics in Higher Education of Azad Jammu and Kashmir. The Knowledge, 4(2), 1-10. https://doi.org/10.63062/tk/2k25b.42057

Abdullah, F., Nisar, N., & Malik, A. (2024). Gendered higher education and women academicians’ career development. The Regional Tribune, 3(1), 418-428. https://doi.org/10.63062/trt/v24.076

Acker, J. (1990). Hierarchies, jobs, bodies: A theory of gendered organizations. Gender & society, 4(2), 139-158. https://doi.org/10.1177/089124390004002002

Afzal, A., Arshad, M., & Naseem, Z. (2024). Familial and socio-cultural barriers faced by working women: Evidence-based study of district Gujrat, Punjab, Pakistan. Pakistan Journal of Applied Social Sciences, 15(1), 43-62. https://socialsciencejournals.pjgs-ws.com/index.php/PJASS/article/view/770

Airini, Collings, S., Conner, L., McPherson, K., Midson, B., & Wilson, C. (2011). Learning to be leaders in higher education: What helps or hinders women’s advancement as leaders in universities. Educational Management Administration & Leadership, 39(1), 44–62. https://doi.org/10.1177/1741143210383896

Arifeen, S. R. (2015). Ethical Selves and Glass Chains: A Complex Understanding of Career Experiences Through the Voices of British Pakistani Women. Lancaster University (United Kingdom).

Arooj, A., Iqbal, S., & Khan, M. L. (2025). Psychological Wellbeing, Life Satisfaction and Hopelessness in Delayed Marriages. Pakistan Languages and Humanities Review, 9(3), 65-69. https://doi.org/10.47205/plhr.2025(9-III)06

Bagilhole, B., & Goode, J. (2001). The contradiction of the myth of individual merit, and the reality of a patriarchal support system in academic careers: A feminist investigation. European Journal of Women's Studies, 8(2), 161-180. https://doi.org/10.1177/135050680100800203

Bain, O., & Cummings, W. (2000). Academe's glass ceiling: Societal, professional-organizational, and institutional barriers to the career advancement of academic women. Comparative education review, 44(4), 493-514. https://doi.org/10.1086/447631

Bracken, S. J., Allen, J. K., & Dean, D. R. (2023). Women in academic leadership: Professional strategies, personal choices: Taylor & Francis.

Daminger, A. (2020). De-gendered processes, gendered outcomes: How egalitarian couples make sense of non-egalitarian household practices. American Sociological Review, 85(5), 806–829. https://doi.org/10.1177/0003122420950208

De Welde, K., & Stepnick, A. (2023). Disrupting the culture of silence: Confronting gender inequality and making change in higher education: Taylor & Francis.

Di Nallo, A., & Lipps, O. (2023). How much his or her job loss influences fertility: A couple approach. Journal of Marriage and Family, 85(4), 873-897. https://doi.org/10.1111/jomf.12907

Epstein, C. F. (2022). Woman's place: Options and limits in professional careers: Univ of California Press.

Fakhr, Z. (2018). Exploration of female academic staff experiences in a conservative and gendered society: A case study of selected universities in Pakistan. London Metropolitan University,

Fakhr, Z., & Messenger, H. (2020). Gender inequality and academic freedom in Pakistani higher education. In Faculty and student research in practicing academic freedom (pp. 67-84): Emerald Publishing Limited.

Foxx, D. C. (2025). An Examination of Racial Disparities in College Athletics Leadership: A Study of Social and Cultural Forces Impacting Pathways to Athletic Directorship in Collegiate Athletics. https://hdl.handle.net/10919/135543

Haeri, S. (2002). No shame for the sun: Lives of professional Pakistani women. Syracuse University Press.

Hakiem, R. A. D. (2022). Advancement and subordination of women academics in Saudi Arabia’s higher education. Higher Education Research & Development, 41(5), 1528–1541. https://doi.org/10.1080/07294360.2021.1933394

He, G., & Wu, X. (2021). Family status and women’s career mobility during urban China’s economic transition. Demographic Research, 44, 189–224. https://doi.org/10.4054/demres.2021.44.8

Horner, S. (2004). The'glass-ceiling'phenomenon in the career development of successful academic women. Sheffield Hallam University (United Kingdom).

Horta, H., & Tang, L. (2023). Male and female academics' gendered perceptions of academic work and career progression in China. Higher Education Quarterly, 77(3), 515-536. https://doi.org/10.1111/hequ.12419

Imran, R. (2023). Work-family responsibilities and support for women academics in Pakistan. The University of Waikato,

James-McCarthy, K., Brooks-McCarthy, A., & Walker, D.-M. (2022). Stemming the “Leaky Pipeline”: an investigation of the relationship between work-family conflict and women’s career progression in academic medicine. BMJ Leader, 6(2), 110–117. https://doi.org/10.1136/leader-2020-000436

James, O. R. (2014). White like me: The negative impact of the diversity rationale on white identity formation. NYUL Rev., 89, 425.

Joel, A. A. (2019). Organisational support throughout the maternity journey: the perceptions of female academics in selected UK Universities. University of Salford (United Kingdom).

Jones, G. W. (2007). Delayed marriage and very low fertility in Pacific Asia. Population and Development Review, 33(3), 453–478. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1728-4457.2007.00180.x

Lester, J. R. (2006). Setting the stage for gender equity: Gendered performances in community colleges. University of Southern California.

Liang, L. (2025). Analysis of Dual Roles: Work-Life Balance Experiences of Female Professors and Mothers in California. Pepperdine University,

Loughran, D. S., & Zissimopoulos, J. M. (2004). Are There Gains to Delaying Marriage?: The Effect of Age at First Marriage on Career Development and Wages. Santa Monica, CA: Rand Labor and Population.

Magadley, W. (2021). Moonlighting in academia: a study of gender differences in work-family conflict among academics. Community, Work & Family, 24(3), 237-256. https://doi.org/10.1080/13668803.2019.1678458

Miller, K. E., & Riley, J. (2022). Changed landscape, unchanged norms: Work-family conflict and the persistence of the academic mother ideal. Innovative Higher Education, 47(3), 471–492. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10755-021-09586-2

Noorani, I., & Shakir, K. (2021). Pakistani Women and Traditional Values: The Role of Culture in Work-Life Balance. In Work-Life interface: Non-western Perspectives (pp. 343-378): Springer.

O’Connor, P. (2020). Why is it so difficult to reduce gender inequality in male-dominated higher educational organizations? A feminist institutional perspective. Interdisciplinary Science Reviews: ISR, 45(2), 207–228. https://doi.org/10.1080/03080188.2020.1737903

Owens, W. (2024). Disenfranchised by Design: Exploring the Growing Gender Gap in Education (Doctoral dissertation).

Parr, C. (2023). Choosing Gender or Race: Portraits of Female, White Ally Higher Education Administrators Committed to Making Socially Just Spaces for BIPOC Women in their Institutions (Doctoral dissertation, Southern New Hampshire University).

Peterson, H. (2016). Is managing academics “women’s work”? Exploring the glass cliff in higher education management. Educational Management Administration & Leadership, 44(1), 112–127. https://doi.org/10.1177/1741143214563897

Podreka, J., Gaber, M. A., & Smrdelj, R. (2024). Unveiling structural barriers: Gender inequality in the academic field. In Handbook of equality of opportunity (pp. 705-732): Springer.

Quick, F. (2015). Inequality in academic psychology: Rethinking the basis of privilege and disadvantage. University of Surrey (United Kingdom).

Rosa, R. (2022). The trouble with ‘work–life balance’in neoliberal academia: A systematic and critical review. Journal of Gender Studies, 31(1), 55-73. https://doi.org/10.1080/09589236.2021.1933926

Sarwar, A., & Imran, M. K. (2019). Exploring women’s multi-level career prospects in Pakistan: Barriers, interventions, and outcomes. Frontiers in Psychology, 10, 1376. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2019.01376

Seron, C., Silbey, S., Cech, E., & Rubineau, B. (2018). “I am not a feminist, but. . .”: Hegemony of a meritocratic ideology and the limits of critique among women in engineering. Work and Occupations, 45(2), 131–167. https://doi.org/10.1177/0730888418759774

Stokas, A. G. (2023). Reparative universities: Why diversity alone won’t solve racism in higher. JHU Press.

Thelma, C. C., & Ngulube, L. (2024). Women in leadership: Examining barriers to women’s advancement in leadership positions. Asian Journal of Advanced Research and Reports, 18(6), 273–290. https://doi.org/10.9734/ajarr/2024/v18i6671

Williams, R. A. (2023). Men of color in higher education: New foundations for developing models for success. Taylor & Francis.

Yousaf, R. (2018). Underrepresentation of women: Academic excellence and positions of power in universities. https://tuprints.ulb.tu-darmstadt.de/id/eprint/7722

Published

2025-06-30

Issue

Section

Articles

How to Cite

Abdullah, F., Sultana, R., & Nisar, N. (2025). Female Faculty Navigating Professional Journeys in Higher Education of Azad Jammu and Kashmir. ProScholar Insights, 4(2), 179-187. https://doi.org/10.55737/psi.2025b-42093

Most read articles by the same author(s)