Authoritarian Parenting, Emotional Regulation and Mental Health: Students in Perspective

Authors

  • Dr. Asma Sikandar Assistant Professor, Department Psychology, Riphah International University, Islamabad, Pakistan.
  • Dr. Tahira Parveen Assistant Professor, Department Psychology, Riphah International University, Islamabad, Pakistan.
  • Dr. Sehrish Khan Assistant Professor, Department of Applied Psychology, COMSATS University, Abbottabad, Pakistan.

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.62997/psi.2025a-41058

Keywords:

Authoritarian Parenting, Psychological Wellbeing, Emotional Regulation

Abstract

Child rearing strategies have vital impact on child’s emotional and psychological development, authoritarian parenting, can be defined as child rearing practices that demands high and low emotional warmth, and it is linked with unfavorable outcomes.  Current study explored the association among authoritarian parenting, psychological well-being and emotional regulation of university students. 250 participants were approached by using convenient sampling technique. Parenting Styles Questionnaire by Edward & Fabella (2022), Emotion Regulation Questionnaire by Gross & John (2003), and Psychological Well-being Questionnaire by Ryff (1995) were used for data collection. Result showed that students who scored high on authoritarian parenting showed lower psychological well-being and poor emotional regulation. Students with authoritarian parenting styles were found to use suppression strategies more frequently than reappraisal strategies. This research highlights the need for interventions aimed at improving emotional regulation and psychological well-being, particularly among those raised in authoritarian environments.

Author Biography

  • Dr. Asma Sikandar, Assistant Professor, Department Psychology, Riphah International University, Islamabad, Pakistan.

    Corresponding Author: asma.sikandar@riphah.edu.pk

References

Akhtar, M. F., Ali, K., & Sadaqat, S. (2011). Factors influencing the profitability of Islamic banks of Pakistan. International research journal of finance and economics, 66(66), 1-8. https://doi.org/10.5539/ijef.v12n6p1

Aldao, A., Nolen-Hoeksema, S., & Schweizer, S. (2010). Emotion-regulation strategies across psychopathology: A meta-analytic review. Clinical Psychology Review, 30(2), 217-237. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpr.2009.11.004

Arndt, S., Jørgensen, B. B., LaRowe, D. E., Middelburg, J. J., Pancost, R. D., & Regnier, P. (2013). Quantifying the degradation of organic matter in marine sediments: A review and synthesis. Earth-science reviews, 123, 53-86. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.earscirev.2013.02.008

Batool, S. S. (2020). Academic achievement: Interplay of positive parenting, self‐esteem, and academic procrastination. Australian Journal of Psychology, 72(2), 174–187. https://doi.org/10.1111/ajpy.12280

Baumrind, D. (1966). Effects of authoritative parental control on child behavior. Child development, 887-907. https://doi.org/10.2307/1126611

Bornstein, M. H., Putnick, D. L., & Lansford, J. E. (2011). Parenting attributions and attitudes in cross-cultural perspective. Parenting: Science and Practice, 11(2-3), 214-237. https://doi.org/10.1080/15295192.2011.585568

Chan, D. W., & Bai, B. (2015). Academic procrastination and parents' perceived parenting styles: The mediating role of self-regulated learning and achievement emotions. Educational Psychology, 35(3), 294-311.

Chen, W. W. (2015). The relations between perceived parenting styles and academic achievement in Hong Kong: The mediating role of students' goal orientations. Learning and individual differences, 37, 48-54. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lindif.2014.11.021

Daniel, G., & McLeod, S. (2017). Children with speech sound disorders at school: Challenges for children, parents and teachers. Australian Journal of Teacher Education, 81–101. https://doi.org/10.14221/ajte.2017v42n2.6

Edward, T. F., & Fabella. (2022). Authoritative and Authoritarian Parenting Styles as Factors in the Grit Scores of Selected College Students. International Journal of Research and Review, 9(12). DOI: https://doi.org/10.52403/ijrr.20221230

Eisenberg, N., & Spinrad, T. L. (2004). Emotion-related regulation: Sharpening the definition. Child Development, 75, 334-339. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8624.2004.00674.x

Eisenberg, N., Fabes, R. A., Shepard, S. A., Guthrie, I. K., Murphy, B. C., & Reiser, M. (1999). Parental reactions to children's negative emotions: Longitudinal relations to quality of children's social functioning. Child Development, 70(2), 513-534. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-8624.00037

Fong, V. C., Hawes, D., & Allen, J. L. (2019). A systematic review of risk and protective factors for externalizing problems in children exposed to intimate partner violence. Trauma, Violence, & Abuse, 20(2), 149-167. https://doi.org/10.1177/1524838017692383

Francisco, R., Pedro, M., Delvecchio, E., Espada, J. P., Morales, A., Mazzeschi, C., & Orgilés, M. (2020). Psychological symptoms and behavioral changes in children and adolescents during the early phase of COVID-19 quarantine in three European countries. Frontiers in psychiatry, 11, 570164. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2020.570164

Garaigordobil, M. (2020). Intrapersonal emotional intelligence during adolescence: sex differences, connection with other variables, and predictors. European journal of investigation in health, psychology and education, 10(3), 899-914. https://doi.org/10.3390/ejihpe10030064

Garcia, F., & Gracia, E. (2009). Is always authoritative the optimum parenting style? Evidence from Spanish families. Adolescence, 44(173), 101-131.

Gaspar, T., Gomez-Baya, D., Trindade, J. S., Botelho Guedes, F., Cerqueira, A., & de Matos, M. G. (2022). Relationship between family functioning, parents’ psychosocial factors, and children’s well-being. Journal of Family Issues, 43(9), 2380–2397. https://doi.org/10.1177/0192513x211030722

Gross, J. J. (2014). Emotion regulation: Conceptual and empirical foundations. Handbook of emotion regulation, 2, 3-20.

Gross, J. J., & John, O. P. (2003). Individual differences in two emotion regulation processes: implications for affect, relationships, and well-being. Journal of personality and social psychology, 85(2), 348-362. https://psycnet.apa.org/doi/10.1037/0022-3514.85.2.348

Grossmann, K., Grossmann, K. E., Fremmer-Bombik, E., Kindler, H., Scheuerer-Englisch, H., & Zimmermann, A. P. (2002). The uniqueness of the child–father attachment relationship: Fathers’ sensitive and challenging play as a pivotal variable in a 16‐year longitudinal study. Social Development (Oxford, England), 11(3), 301–337. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-9507.00202

Horstman, H. K., Hays, A., & Maliski, R. (2016). Parent–child interaction. In Oxford research Encyclopedia of communication.

Huppert, F. A. (2009). Psychological well‐being: Evidence regarding its causes and consequences. Applied psychology: health and well‐being, 1(2), 137-164. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1758-0854.2009.01008.x

Karreman, A., de Haas, S., van Tuijl, C., van Aken, M. A., & Deković, M. (2010). Relations among temperament, parenting and problem behavior in young children. Infant behavior and development, 33(1), 39-49. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.infbeh.2009.10.008

Lamborn, S. D., Mounts, N. S., Steinberg, L., & Dornbusch, S. M. (1991). Patterns of competence and adjustment among adolescents from authoritative, authoritarian, indulgent, and neglectful families. Child development, 62(5), 1049-1065. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8624.1991.tb01588.x

Lane, C. R., Sherry, N. L., Porter, A. F., Duchene, S., Horan, K., Andersson, P., ... & Howden, B. P. (2021). Genomics-informed responses in the elimination of COVID-19 in Victoria, Australia: an observational, genomic epidemiological study. The Lancet Public Health, 6(8), e547-e556. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2468-2667(21)00133-X

McKinney, C., Milone, M. C., & Renk, K. (2011). Parenting and late adolescent emotional adjustment: Mediating effects of discipline and gender. Child Psychiatry & Human Development, 42, 463-481. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10578-011-0229-2

McLeod, B. D., Weisz, J. R., & Wood, J. J. (2007). Examining the association between parenting and childhood depression: A meta-analysis. Clinical psychology review, 27(8), 986-1003. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpr.2007.03.001

Pinquart, M., & Kauser, R. (2018). Do the associations of parenting styles with behavior problems and academic achievement vary by culture? Results from a meta-analysis. Cultural Diversity & Ethnic Minority Psychology, 24(1), 75. https://doi.org/10.1037/cdp0000149

Rauf, K., & Ahmed, J. (2017). The Relationship of Authoritarian Parenting Style and Academic Performance in School Students. Pakistan Journal of Psychology, 48(2). https://www.pjpku.com/index.php/pjp/article/view/48

Ryff, C. D., & Keyes, C. L. M. (1995). The structure of psychological well-being revisited. Journal of personality and social psychology, 69(4), 719. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.69.4.719

Santrock, J. W., & Lansford, J. E. (2002). A topical approach to life-span development. New York: McGraw-Hill.

Sanvictores, T., & Mendez, M. D. (2021). Types of parenting styles and effects on children. StatPearls. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK568743/

Szcześniak, M., Falewicz, A., Strochalska, K., & Rybarski, R. (2022). Anxiety and depression in a non-clinical sample of young Polish adults: Presence of meaning in life as a mediator. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 19(10), 6065. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19106065

Wang, Q., Pomerantz, E. M., & Chen, H. (2019). The role of parents’ control in early adolescents’ psychological functioning: A longitudinal investigation in the United States and China. Child Development, 90(5), 1656-1674. https://doi.org/10.1111/cdev.13037

Wang, S., Hu, H., Wang, X., Dong, B., & Zhang, T. (2021). The hidden danger in family environment: The role of self-reported parenting style in cognitive and affective empathy among offenders. Frontiers in Psychology, 12. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.588993

Webb, S. (2018). Deep learning for biology. Nature, 554(7693), 555-557. https://doi.org/10.1038/d41586-018-02174-z

Yousaf, O., Grunfeld, E. A., & Hunter, M. S. (2013). A systematic review of the factors associated with delays in medical and psychological help-seeking among men. Health Psychology Review, 9(2), 264-276. https://doi.org/10.1080/17437199.2013.840954

Zahed Zahedani, Z., Rezaee, R., Yazdani, Z., Bagheri, S., & Nabeiei, P. (2016). The influence of parenting style on academic achievement and career path. J Adv Med Educ Prof, 4(3), 130–134.

Downloads

Published

2025-03-30

Issue

Section

Articles

How to Cite

Sikandar, A., Parveen, T., & Khan, S. (2025). Authoritarian Parenting, Emotional Regulation and Mental Health: Students in Perspective. ProScholar Insights, 4(1), 208-213. https://doi.org/10.62997/psi.2025a-41058